Hoy es un día histórico para los fanáticos del western

Efemérides de hoy en la Historia de Venezuela (referencias de En Oriente, Portal de Apure, Diario El Tiempo y, Vinicio Romero Qué celebramos hoy):

1815: En las cercanías del pueblo monaguense de San Diego de Maturín se lleva a cabo la Batalla de Las Peñas Negras en la cual los oficiales patriotas José Tadeo Monagas, José Gregorio Monagas y Manuel Cedeño fueron derrotados por el jefe realista Salvador Gorrín. Está fue la primera acción militar enfrentada por los patriotas en Oriente tras la caída de la Segunda República en Maturín, de donde salieron huyendo para reorganizarse y emprender la campañas libertadoras de las Provincias de Barcelona y Guayana lo cual efectivamente ejecutaron el resto de 1815.

Efemérides de hoy en la Historia Universal (referencia de la BBC, wikipedia y educar.org):

1857: Second Opium War: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.

1875: Georges Bizet's opera Carmen premieres at the Opéra Comique of Paris.

1878: Bulgaria regains its independence from Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of San Stefano; shortly after Congress of Berlin stripped its status to an autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire.

1905: Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly (the Duma).

1910: Rockefeller Foundation: J.D. Rockefeller Jr. announces his retirement from managing his businesses so that he could devote full time to being a philanthropist.

1915: NACA, the predecessor of NASA founded.

1918: Germany, Austria and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending Russia's involvement in World War I, and leading to the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.

1923: TIME magazine is published for the first time.

1924: The 1400-year-old Islamic caliphate is abolished when Caliph Abdul Mejid II of the Ottoman Empire is deposed. The last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed Turkey of Kemal Atatürk.

1938: Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.

1939: In Mumbai, Mohandas Gandhi begins to fast in protest of the autocratic rule in India.

1939: Estreno en Estados Unidos de la película de John Ford "La Diligencia", modelo en el género de filmes del Oeste.

1942: World War II: Ten Japanese warplanes raid the town of Broome, Western Australia killing more than 100 people.

1943: World War II: In London, England, 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green tube station.

1944: The Order of Nakhimov and Order of Ushakov were instituted in USSR as the highest naval awards.

1945: World War II: Previously neutral Finland declares war on the Axis powers.

1945: Aprobada el "Acta de Chapultepec", en esta ciudad mexicana, por la que se crea la Liga de Naciones Americanas.

1971: Beginning of Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and India's official entry to the Bangladesh Liberation War in support of Mukti Bahini.

1974: Roman Catholic and Lutheran officials reach an agreement for eventual reconciliation into one communion, marking the first agreement between the two churches since the Reformation.

1991: In two concurring referendums: 74 % of the population of Latvia vote for independence from the Soviet Union, in Estonia - 83 %.