Efemérides

Efemérides de hoy en la Historia de Venezuela (referencias de En Oriente, Portal de Apure, Diario El Tiempo y, Vinicio Romero Qué celebramos hoy):

1817: Luego de permanecer un corto tiempo inactivo en Barcelona, el Libertador Simón Bolívar ataca por tierra y mar al Fortín de la Magdalena del Morro de Lecherías. En esta ocasión Bolívar y las tropas patriotas lograron recuperar la citada guarnición la cual estaba ocupada por el Coronel realista José Guerrero quien días atrás había vencido al Libertador en ese mismo lugar.

1836: Muere en Caracas el célebre músico Cayetano Carreño.

1894: Muere en Caracas Arístides Rojas, naturalista, médico, historiador, periodista y estudioso de diversas disciplinas (arqueología, geología, sociología, etc.).

1922: Creación del Vicariato Apostólico del Caroní

Efemérides de hoy en la Historia Universal (referencia de la BBC, wikipedia y educar.org):

51: Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title princeps iuventutis (head of the youth).

303 or 304: Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.

852: Croatian Duke Trpimir I issued a statute, a document with the first known written mention of the Croats name in Croatian sources.

932: Translation of the relics of martyr Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, Prince of the Czechs.

1152: Frederick I Barbarossa is elected King of the Germans.

1215: King John of England makes an oath to the Pope as a crusader to gain the support of Innocent III.

1238: The Battle of the Sit River was fought in the northern part of the present-day Yaroslavl Oblast of Russia between the Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan and the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal during the Mongol invasion of Russia.

1275: Chinese astronomers observe a total eclipse of the sun.

1386; Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) was crowned King of Poland.

1461: Wars of the Roses in England: Lancastrian King Henry VI is deposed by his Yorkist cousin, who then becomes King Edward IV.

1493: Explorer Christopher Columbus arrives back in Lisbon, Portugal aboard his ship Niña from his discovery voyage to America. He returned to Spain on March 15.

1519: Hernan Cortes arrives in Mexico in search of the Aztec civilization and their wealth.

1774: First sighting of Orion Nebula by William Herschel.

1776: The American War of Independence: The Americans capture "Dorchester Heights" dominating the port of Boston, Massachusetts.

1778: The Continental Congress voted to ratify both the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance with France. The two treaties were the first entered into by the United States government.

1789: In New York City, the first U.S. Congress meets and declares the new Constitution of the United States is in effect.

1790: France is divided into 83 départements, which cut across the former provinces in an attempt to dislodge regional loyalties based on noble ownership of land.

1848: Se establece en Francia el sufragio universal.

1871: Nace Rosa Luxemburgo, revolucionaria alemana de origen polaco.

1877: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake premiers at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.

1885: Guatemala decide anexionarse El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica y Honduras y constituir una República Federal.

1904: Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops in Korea retreat toward Manchuria followed by 100,000 Japanese troops.

1917: Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first female member of the United States House of Representatives.

1917: Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia's renunciation of the throne is made public, and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia publicly issues his abdication manifesto. The victory of the February Revolution.

Segunda Guerra Mundial

1933: The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure - Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates authoritarian rule by decree (see Austrofascism).

1941: The United Kingdom launches Operation Claymore on the Lofoten Islands, during World War II.

1941: Adolf Hitler applies pressure on Yugoslavia to join the Tripartite Pact.

1944: First U.S. daylight bombing of Berlin and Anti-Germany strikes in northern Italy.

1945: In the United Kingdom, Princess Elizabeth, later to become Queen Elizabeth II, joins the British Army as a driver.

1945: Lapland War: Finland declares war on Nazi Germany.

Guerra Fría

1946: Churchill habla de la "guerra fría" y de "telón de acero" en un resonante discurso pronunciado en Fulton (EEUU).

Otros

1979: The first encyclical written by Pope John Paul II, Redemptor Hominis (Latin for "The Redeemer of Man") is promulgated less than five months after his installation as pope.

1980: Nationalist leader Robert Mugabe wins a sweeping election victory to become Zimbabwe's first black prime minister.

2006: Final contact attempt with Pioneer 10 by the Deep Space Network. No response was received.